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Stratagems of Defending · 敌战计Use bluff and deception to create the illusion of strength. Make the enemy believe you have resources or capabilities you do not.
Zhang Shougui of the Tang Dynasty used empty fortresses and fake campfires to make invading Khitan forces believe a massive army was encamped, causing them to retreat without a fight.
Elizabeth Holmes created the illusion of revolutionary blood-testing technology that didn't actually work. By projecting confidence and securing prestigious partnerships, she created the appearance of a functioning product from nothing — until reality caught up.
Germany exaggerated the size and capability of its forces during early WWII campaigns. Radio broadcasts described vast armored divisions, when in reality many units were understrength. The psychological effect amplified real military power.