Wang Yangming · School of Mind

Chuanxi LuRECORD OF PRACTICE · 传习录

Wang Yangming · Recorded by Xu Ai and others

In 1512, Master Yangming traveled by boat with his student Xu Ai.
Their conversations during that journey became the foundation of the School of Mind —
"the mind is principle" and "knowledge and action are one" have illuminated five centuries.

14
Dialogues
3
Volumes
500+
Years
4
Languages

About Chuanxi Lu

The Foundational Text of the School of Mind

The Chuanxi Lu (传习录, "Record of Practice") is a collection of dialogues and letters by Wang Shouren (王守仁, known as Wang Yangming, 1472–1529), one of the most influential Confucian thinkers in Chinese history. The title comes from the Analerta: "What is transmitted, is it not to be practiced?"

The book is divided into three volumes. Volume I (Xu Ai's Record) centers on the Great Learning and is the gateway to understanding the School of Mind. Volume II consists of letters expounding "extending innate knowledge." Volume III deepens the mature teachings through Q&A.

The 14 dialogues of Xu Ai's Record, conducted during a boat journey in 1512, systematically present the core propositions: "the mind is principle," "knowledge and action are one," and the reinterpretation of key concepts from the Great Learning.

Vol. I
Xu Ai · 14 Dialogues
Vol. II
Letters & Replies
Vol. III
Lu Cheng · Xue Kan
1512
7th Year of Zhengde

Core Concepts

Key Philosophical Concepts

Six foundational propositions that run through Xu Ai's Record

心即理
Mind Is Principle
§1·4·5·6
知行合一
Unity of Knowledge & Action
§7·8
格物
Investigation of Things
§1·3·10·11
亲民
Loving the People
§2
至善
Supreme Good
§3
六经皆史
Classics as History
§13

Chapter Index

Xu Ai's Record · 14 Dialogues

Dialogues between Wang Yangming and Xu Ai during their boat journey in 1512, systematically presenting the foundations of the School of Mind.

1
The Mind Is Principle
The mind is principle. How can there be affairs or principles outside the mind?
Mind-Is-PrincipleInvestigation
2
Loving vs. Renewing the People
"Loving the people" is like Mencius's "loving kin and being benevolent to the people."
Loving-PeopleRenewing-People
3
Resting in the Supreme Good
The supreme good is the original substance of the mind.
Supreme-GoodInvestigation
4
Filial Piety and Loyalty as Principle
Is the principle of loyalty in my mind, or in the ruler?
PrincipleFilial-Piety
5
The Error of Separating Mind from Principle
Separating mind and principle is Gaozi's "righteousness is external."
MindPrincipleCritique
6
Nothing Outside the Mind
There are no things outside the mind. When the mind generates a thought of filial piety, filial piety is the thing.
No-Things-Outside-Mind
7
Unity of Knowledge and Action
Knowledge is the beginning of action; action is the completion of knowledge.
Unity-Knowledge-Action
8
Knowing Without Acting Is Not Knowing
There has never been one who knows yet does not act. To know yet not act is simply not to know.
True-Knowledge
9
Exhausting the Mind, Knowing Nature
Exhausting the mind comes from knowing nature; extending knowledge lies in investigation.
Exhausting-MindKnowing-Nature
10
Critique of Zhu Xi's "Investigation"
Zhu Xi's interpretation of investigation is forced and not the sage's intent.
InvestigationExhausting-Principle
11
To Investigate Is to Rectify
To investigate means to rectify — to correct what is incorrect and return to correctness.
Investigation=Rectification
12
The Governance of High Antiquity
The governance of Yao, Shun, and the Three Dynasties.
Classical-GovernanceClassics-History
13
The Five Classics Are Only History
From the perspective of events, they are history; from the perspective of the Way, they are classics.
Classics-as-History
14
Confucius's Method of Editing the Songs
Confucius preserved good as model and evil as warning — this is the sage's magnanimous heart.
Poetry-TeachingConfucian-Method

Lu Cheng's Record

Lu Cheng's Record · First 16 Entries

Following Xu Ai's Record, covering study methods, establishing aspiration, unity of knowledge and action, and cultivation in stillness and activity.

15
The Effort of Single-Minded Focus
好色则一心在好色上,此是逐物,非主一。
Single-MindedChasing
16
Establishing Aspiration
念念存天理,久则心中凝聚。
AspirationPrinciple
17
Medicine for Each Ailment
日间工夫觉纷扰则静坐,觉懒看书则且看书。
IndividualizedMeditation
18
The Way of Friendship
务相下则得益,相上则损。
FriendsHumility
19
The Disease of Loving Fame
须伐去此树,纤根勿留,方可种植嘉谷。
FameFelling-Tree
20
Writings and True Learning
圣贤笔之书如写真传神。
WritingsPrinciple
21
The Sage's Mind Is Like a Bright Mirror
只怕镜不明,不怕物来不能照。
MirrorResponse
22
Principle Is Inexhaustible
义理无定在、无穷尽。
PrincipleInexhaustible
23
Tempering Oneself in Affairs
人须在事上磨,方能静亦定、动亦定。
TemperingStillness
24
Reaching Upward Lies in Learning Below
上达只在下学里。
BelowUpward
25
Refining to the Utmost, Maintaining Unity
惟一是惟精主意,惟精是惟一功夫。
RefiningUnity
26
Unity of Knowledge and Action
知者行之始,行者知之成。
Unity-Knowledge-Action
27
The Sage Teaches According to Aptitude
圣人因才施教、不执一格。
AptitudeZeng-Dian
28
The Equilibrium Before Emotion Arises
去人欲、存天理,静时动时皆然。
Before-EmotionPreserving
29
Confucius's Students State Aspirations
三子有意必,是器;曾点无意必,有不器意。
AspirationVersatility
30
The Foundation of Learning
初种根时只管栽培灌溉,勿作枝想、叶想、花想、实想。
FoundationCultivation

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